پژوهشگاه علوم و فناوری اطلاعات ایران (ایرانداک) پژوهشنامه پردازش و مدیریت اطلاعات 2251-8223 41 1 2025 09 23 Predicting Users' Level of Disorientation for Their Level of Mental Model Completeness, Cognitive Over Load, Experience, and Gender پیش‌بینی سطح گم‌گشتگی کاربران بر مبنای سطح کامل بودن مدل ذهنی، اضافه بار شناختی، تجربه و جنسیت آنها 247 278 731835 10.22034/jipm.2024.1999945.1083 FA یلدا بیضاوی کارشناس ارشد مدیریت اطلاعات؛ دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران مهدیه میرزابیگی دانشیار علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی؛ دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران 0000-0002-3256-3153 طاهره جوکار استادیار علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی؛ دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران علیرضا نیک سرشت استادیار بخش علم اطلاعات و دانش شناسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران 0000-0002-7585-847X Journal Article 2023 04 11 <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Zar';">The objective of this study was to identify the roles of mental model, cognitive overload, experience, and gender, on the level of users' disorientation in interaction with the Google search engine. This applied study is descriptive (correlational) in terms of data collection. It also used the observation transaction log analysis which is a data collection method in human-computer interaction studies. The research population includes 90 graduate students of Shiraz University using the non-probability sampling method of the available type. The dependent variable of the research includes the level of disorientation, and the independent variables include the completeness of the mental model, gender, cognitive overload, and experience.</span> <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Zar';">Findings showed that the disorientation level had a significant relationship with experience, gender, mental model, and cognitive overload. In other words, an increase in experience and the level of completeness of the mental model of the users reduce their level of disorientation. In other words, as the level of completeness of the user's mental model increases, there are more elements of the system in the user's mental model; as a result, the understanding of the system is greater and the level of confusion and disorientation is reduced.</span> <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Zar';">In addition, increasing the cognitive overload increased the disorientation level. Users who suffer from cognitive overload while searching get lost more than other users.</span> <span style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Zar';"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The results showed that each of the variables of cognitive overload, gender, experience, and completeness level of the mental model could predict a 7 to 21 percent of disorientation level. However, considering the interaction of the variables, experience, and gender strongly predicted disorientation levels. So that the low level of disorientation is related to the male gender and the high level of disorientation is related to the female gender, in other words, female users get lost more often than male users. Moreover, the complexity level, both independently and in interaction with experience, affected the disorientation level. Specifically, users were disoriented in more complex tasks than simple ones; inexperienced users were disoriented in more complex tasks. Since earlier studies have not addressed the interactive role of experience, gender, mental model, and cognitive overload, along with the complexity level of the task, on users' disorientation level, the results of this study can help designers of retrieval systems, information literacy specialists and researchers detect the factors affecting the disorientation level.</span> <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">هدف این پژوهش شناخت نقش </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">مدل ذهنی، اضافه</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">بار شناختی، تجربه و جنسیت </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">کاربران </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">بر سطح گم‌گشتگی آن‌ها در تعامل با موتور جست</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">و</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">جوی گوگل است. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی است و از حیث نحوه گردآوری داده</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">ها توصیفی از نوع همبستگی است. همچنین از رویکرد تحلیل ثبت وقایع مشاهدات که از روش</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">های گردآوری داده در مطالعات تعامل انسان-رایانه </span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">است نیز بهره گرفته شده است. جامعه پژوهش شامل 90 دانشجوی تحصیلات تکمیلی دانشگاه شیراز </span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری غیر‌احتمالی از نوع جامعة در دسترس</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> است.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">متغیر وابستة‌ پژوهش شامل سطح گم‌گشتگی، و متغیرهای مستقل شامل سطح کامل بودن مدل ذهنی، جنسیت، اضافه‌بار شناختی و تجربه هستند.</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که متغیر سطح گم‌گشتگی به‌ترتیب با مؤلفه</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">های تجربه، جنسیت، مدل ذهنی و اضافه</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">بار شناختی رابطه‌ای معنادار دارد؛ به‌گونه</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">ای که با افزایش تجربه و سطح کامل </span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">بودن مدل ذهنی کاربران، سطح گم‌گشتگی آن‌ها کاهش می‌باید. به‌گفته دیگر، هرچه سطح کامل </span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">بودن مدل ذهنی کاربر افزایش پیدا کند، عناصر بیشتری از سامانه در مدل ذهنی کاربر وجود دارد و در نتیجة آن، درک از سامانه بیشتر و سطح گیجی و گم‌گشتگی کاهش می</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">یابد. همچنین با افزایش اضافه</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">بار شناختی گم‌گشتگی نیز افزایش می‌یابد.</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;"> کاربرانی که از اضافه</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">بار شناختی در حین جست</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">وجو رنج می‌برند، نسبت به کاربران دیگر، گم‌گشتگی بیشتری دارند. </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">همچنین، یافته</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">ها نشان داد که هر یک از متغیرهای اضافه</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">بار شناختی، جنسیت، تجربه و سطح کامل </span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">بودن مدل ذهنی به‌تنهایی قادر است 7 تا 21 درصد از متغیر سطح گم‌گشتگی را پیش‌بینی کند. اما در تعامل متغیرها با یکدیگر دو متغیر تجربه و جنسیت قوی</span><span dir="LTR" lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size: 8.0pt; font-family: 'B Zar'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">ترین متغیرهای پیش‌بین سطح گم‌گشتگی هستند؛ به‌گونه‌ای‌ که سطح گم‌گشتگی پایین با جنسیت مرد و سطح گم‌گشتگی بالا با جنسیت زن ارتباط دارد. به ‌بیان دیگر، کاربران زن بیشتر از کاربران مرد دچار گم‌گشتگی می‌شوند. </span> https://jipm.irandoc.ac.ir/article_731835_09bcd7730d22df18ca74164a091337cb.pdf