Iranian Journal of Information Processing and Management

Iranian Journal of Information Processing and Management

A Sociotechnical Transition to an Electric Autonomous Vehicle System

Document Type : Evidence based policy making for science and technology

Authors
Seyedamirreza Enjavi 1
Shaban Elahi 2
Ali Shayan 3
Seyedesmaeil Mousavi 1
1 Department of Information Technology Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan; Rafsanjan, Iran
3 Department of Information Technology Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;
10.22034/jipm.2024.711529
Abstract
Abstract
 Modern economic growth has been based on mass industrial production and consumption, which have heavily relied on fossil fuels and energy waste since the 18th century. Hence, current socio-technical systems are unsustainable in meeting humans’ basic needs, such as energy and mobility. Fossil energy resources are non-renewable and, on the one hand, contribute to emissions that cause unreliable harm to the environment. In this research, the prime theory of Transformational Change illuminates how to use science and technology policy to meet social needs sustainably and inclusively in societies. This article answers questions regarding the essential policies and governance measures that states need to implement for the transition to electric autonomous vehicles (AVs) in the socio-technical system. Using meta-synthesis, followed by a case study and interviews with experts in the electric AV field, the article identifies state policies and governance measures to facilitate the transition of the sociotechnical system into electric AVs. The conceptualization of these roles determines that the state’s role is influenced by policy, governance, and legal decisions, which are ultimately implemented through specific combinations of policies.
Keywords
Electric Autonomous Vehicle
Transition
Sustainable Sociotechnical System
State Policy, Sustainable Transportation
Subjects
References
Abel, D. (2021). The diffusion of climate policies among German municipalities. Journal of Public Policy, 41(1), 111-136.
Alawadhi, M., Almazrouie, J., Kamil, M., & Khalil, K. A. (2020). Review and analysis of the importance of autonomous vehicles liability: a systematic literature review. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, 11, 1227-1249.
Appio, F. P., Lima, M., & Paroutis, S. (2019). Understanding Smart Cities: Innovation ecosystems, technological advancements, and societal challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 1-14. 10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2018.12.018.
Bohnsack, R., Kurtz, H., & Hanelt, A. (2021). Re-examining path dependence in the digital age: The evolution of connected car business models. Research Policy, 50(9), 104328.10.1016/J.RESPOL.2021.104328.
Borrás, S., & Edler, J. (2020a). The roles of the state in the governance of socio-technical systems’ transformation. Research Policy, 49(5), 103971.10.1016/J.RESPOL.2020.103971.
Borrás, S., & Edler, J. (2020b). The roles of the state in the governance of socio-technical systems’ transformation. Research Policy, 49(5), 103971.10.1016/J.RESPOL.2020.103971.
Breen, J. M., Næss, P. A., Hansen, T. B., Gaarder, C., & Stray-Pedersen, A. (2020). Serious motor vehicle collisions involving young drivers on Norwegian roads 2013–2016: Speeding and driver-related errors are the main challenge. Traffic injury prevention, 21(6), 382-388.10.1080/15389588.2020.1770237.
Cai, Q. (2020). Cause analysis of traffic accidents on urban roads based on an improved association rule mining algorithm. IEEE Access, 8, 75607-75615.10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2988288.
Cosgrave, E., Arbuthnot, K., & Tryfonas, T. (2013). Living labs, innovation districts and information marketplaces: A systems approach for smart cities. Procedia Computer Science, 16, 668-677.10.1016/J.PROCS.2013.01.070.
Czakon, W., Niemand, T., Gast, J., Kraus, S., & Frühstück, L. (2020). Designing coopetition for radical innovation: An experimental study of managers' preferences for developing self-driving electric cars. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 155, 119992.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.119992.
Dana, L. P., Salamzadeh, A., Hadizadeh, M., Heydari, G., & Shamsoddin, S. (2022). Urban entrepreneurship and sustainable businesses in smart cities: Exploring the role of digital technologies. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 100016.10.1016/J.STAE.2022.100016.
Engels, F., Wentland, A., & Pfotenhauer, S. M. (2019). Testing future societies? Developing a framework for test beds and living labs as instruments of innovation governance. Research Policy, 48(9), 103826.10.1016/J.RESPOL.2019.103826.
Etienne, H. (2022). When AI ethics goes astray: A case study of autonomous vehicles. Social science computer review, 40(1), 236-246.10.1177/0894439320906508.
Fraedrich, E., Heinrichs, D., Bahamonde-Birke, F. J., & Cyganski, R. (2019). Autonomous driving, the built environment and policy implications. Transportation research part A: policy and practice, 122, 162-172.10.1016/J.TRA.2018.02.018.
Gupta, A., Panagiotopoulos, P., & Bowen, F. (2020). An orchestration approach to smart city data ecosystems. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 153, 119929.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.119929.
Gurumurthy, K. M., & Kockelman, K. M. (2020a). Modeling Americans’ autonomous vehicle preferences: A focus on dynamic ride-sharing, privacy & long-distance mode choices. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, 119792.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2019.119792.
Gurumurthy, K. M., & Kockelman, K. M. (2020b). Modeling Americans’ autonomous vehicle preferences: A focus on dynamic ride-sharing, privacy & long-distance mode choices. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150, 119792.
Haboucha, C. J., Ishaq, R., & Shiftan, Y. (2017). User preferences regarding autonomous vehicles. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 78, 37-49.10.1016/J.TRC.2017.01.010.
Hardman, S., Berliner, R., & Tal, G. (2019). Who will be the early adopters of automated vehicles? Insights from a survey of electric vehicle owners in the United States. Transportation research part D: transport and environment, 71, 248-264.10.1016/J.TRD.2018.12.001.
Helveston, J. P., Wang, Y., Karplus, V. J., & Fuchs, E. R. (2019). Institutional complementarities: The origins of experimentation in China’s plug-in electric vehicle industry. Research Policy, 48(1), 206-222.10.1016/J.RESPOL.2018.08.006.
Hengstler, M., Enkel, E., & Duelli, S. (2016a). Applied artificial intelligence and trust—The case of autonomous vehicles and medical assistance devices. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 105, 105-120.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2015.12.014.
Hengstler, M., Enkel, E., & Duelli, S. (2016b). Applied artificial intelligence and trust—The case of autonomous vehicles and medical assistance devices. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 105, 105-120.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2015.12.014.
Hess, D. J. (2020). Incumbent-led transitions and civil society: Autonomous vehicle policy and consumer organizations in the United States. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119825.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2019.119825.
Hilgarter, K., & Granig, P. (2020). Public perception of autonomous vehicles: A qualitative study based on interviews after riding an autonomous shuttle. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 72, 226-243.10.1016/J.TRF.2020.05.012.
Hoon, C. (2013). Meta-synthesis of qualitative case studies: An approach to theory building. Organizational research methods, 16(4), 522-556.10.1177/1094428113484969.
Liu, P., & Xu, Z. (2020a). Public attitude toward self-driving vehicles on public roads: Direct experience changed ambivalent people to be more positive. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119827.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2019.119827.
Liu, P., & Xu, Z. (2020b). Public attitude toward self-driving vehicles on public roads: Direct experience changed ambivalent people to be more positive. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119827.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2019.119827.
Ljubi, K., & Groznik, A. (2023). Role played by social factors and privacy concerns in autonomous vehicle adoption. Transport policy, 132, 1-15.10.1016/J.TRANPOL.2022.12.013.
Mahdavian, A., Shojaei, A., Mccormick, S., Papandreou, T., Eluru, N., & Oloufa, A. A. (2021). Drivers and barriers to implementation of connected, automated, shared, and electric vehicles: An agenda for future research. IEEE Access, 9, 22195-22213.10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3056025.
Marletto, G. (2019). Who will drive the transition to self-driving? A socio-technical analysis of the future impact of automated vehicles. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 139, 221-234.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2018.10.023.
Martinho, A., Herber, N., Kroesen, M., & Chorus, C. (2021). Ethical issues in focus by the autonomous vehicles industry. Transport reviews, 41(5), 556-577.10.1080/01441647.2020.1862355.
Merfeld, K., Wilhelms, M. P., Henkel, S., & Kreutzer, K. (2019). Carsharing with shared autonomous vehicles: Uncovering drivers, barriers and future developments–A four-stage Delphi study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 144, 66-81.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2019.03.012.
Moody, J., Bailey, N., & Zhao, J. (2020). Public perceptions of autonomous vehicle safety: An international comparison. Safety science, 121, 634-650.10.1016/J.SSCI.2019.07.022.
Nastjuk, I., Herrenkind, B., Marrone, M., Brendel, A. B., & Kolbe, L. M. (2020). What drives the acceptance of autonomous driving? An investigation of acceptance factors from an end-user's perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120319.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.120319.
Penmetsa, P., Adanu, E. K., Wood, D., Wang, T., & Jones, S. L. (2019). Perceptions and expectations of autonomous vehicles–A snapshot of vulnerable road user opinion. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 143, 9-13.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2019.02.010.
Penna, C. C., & Geels, F. W. (2015). Climate change and the slow reorientation of the American car industry (1979–2012): An application and extension of the Dialectic Issue LifeCycle (DILC) model. Research Policy, 44(5), 1029-1048.10.1016/J.RESPOL.2014.11.010.
Phillips, F., & Linstone, H. (2016). Key ideas from a 25-year collaboration at technological forecasting & social change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 105, 158-166.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2016.01.007.
Read, G. J., Shorrock, S., Walker, G. H., & Salmon, P. M. (2021). State of science: Evolving perspectives on ‘human error’. Ergonomics, 64(9), 1091-1114.10.1080/00140139.2021.1953615.
Richter, A., Löwner, M. O., Ebendt, R., & Scholz, M. (2020). Towards an integrated urban development considering novel intelligent transportation systems: Urban Development Considering Novel Transport. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 155, 119970.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.119970.
Saeed, T. U., Burris, M. W., Labi, S., & Sinha, K. C. (2020). An empirical discourse on forecasting the use of autonomous vehicles using consumers’ preferences. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 158, 120130.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.120130.
Gironés, E. S., van Est, R., & Verbong, G. (2020). The role of policy entrepreneurs in defining directions of innovation policy: A case study of automated driving in the Netherlands. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120243. 10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.120243.
Seetharaman, A., Patwa, N., Jadhav, V., Saravanan, A. S., & Sangeeth, D. (2021). Impact of factors influencing cyber threats on autonomous vehicles. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 35(2), 105-132.10.1080/08839514.2020.1799149.
Skeete, J. P. (2018). Level 5 autonomy: The new face of disruption in road transport. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 134, 22-34.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2018.05.003.
Stilgoe, J., & Cohen, T. (2021). Rejecting acceptance: learning from public dialogue on self-driving vehicles. Science and Public Policy, 48(6), 849-859.10.1093/SCIPOL/SCAB060.
Stocker, A., & Shaheen, S. (2019). Shared automated vehicle (SAV) pilots and automated vehicle policy in the US: Current and future developments. In Road Vehicle Automation 5 (pp. 131-147). Springer International Publishing. 10.1007/978-3-319-94896-6_12/COVER.
Taeihagh, A., & Lim, H. S. M. (2019). Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transport reviews, 39(1), 103-128.10.1080/01441647.2018.1494640.
Walsh, D., & Downe, S. (2005). Meta‐synthesis method for qualitative research: a literature review. Journal of advanced nursing, 50(2), 204-211.10.1111/J.1365-2648.2005.03380. X.
Wells, P., Wang, X., Wang, L., Liu, H., & Orsato, R. (2020). More friends than foes? The impact of automobility-as-a-service on the incumbent automotive industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 154, 119975.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.119975.
Wu, M., Wang, N., & Yuen, K. F. (2023). Can autonomy level and anthropomorphic characteristics affect public acceptance and trust towards shared autonomous vehicles?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 189, 122384.10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2023.122384.

  • Receive Date 12 August 2023
  • Revise Date 17 September 2023
  • Accept Date 28 February 2024