اجتناب از اطلاعات: یک مرور نظام‌مند

نویسندگان

دانشگاه شیراز؛ شیراز؛ ایران.

چکیده

هدف از این پژوهش شناخت مفهوم اجتناب از اطلاعات از منظر خاستگاه، عوامل مؤثر، رفتارها، حوزه‌های کارشده و خلأ‌های پژوهش است. این پژوهش با روش مرور نظام‌مند و با بهره‌گیری از چارچوب «کیچنهام و چارترز» انجام شد. با بررسی پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی داخلی و خارجی و مطالعه چکیده مقاله‌های بازیابی‌شده با کلیدواژه‌های مرتبط، ۶۵ مقاله مرتبط شناسایی و پس از پالایش، ۴۹ مقاله مرتبط بدون محدودیت بازه زمانی بررسی شد. پس از مطالعه مقالات مرتبط با اجتناب از اطلاعات و با به‌کارگیری رویکرد تحلیل محتوا، مطالب در چند مقوله موضوعی دسته‌بندی شد و با توجه به اهداف پژوهش به سؤالات پاسخ داده شد. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن بود که خاستگاه اجتناب از اطلاعات را می‌توان در نظریه‌هایی چون نظریه ناهماهنگی شناختی «فستینگر»، نظریه کاهش عدم قطعیت «گودیکونست» و در مدل‌هایی نظیر مدل «جانسون» و مدل «ویلسون» جست‌وجو کرد. مهم‌ترین عوامل مؤثر در اجتناب از اطلاعات را می‌توان در دو دسته عوامل لذتی و راهبردی دسته‌بندی کرد. از جمله عوامل لذتی می‌توان به ترجیح حل شانس‌آزمایی‌های چندگانه، بیزاری از خطر، ضرر و ناامیدی، اضطراب، توجه، حسرت‌گریزی، حفظ خوش‌بینی، اجتناب از ناهماهنگی شناختی و سرمایه‌گذاری بر روی عقاید اشاره کرد. عوامل راهبردی نیز خود به دو دسته راهبردی درون‌فردی (اجتناب از تناقض پویا، مقاومت در برابر وسوسه، حفظ انگیزه، اجتناب از فرافکنی تعصبات، سلب مسئولیت و ذخیره برای بعد) و راهبردی بین فردی (اجتناب از فاش کردن اطلاعات خود در برابر دیگران و یا دریافت اطلاعات از دیگران که باعث ایجاد تغییر در نگرش شود) تقسیم می‌شوند. سپس، رفتارهای اجتناب از اطلاعات مطرح شده‌اند که شامل اجتناب فیزیکی، بی‌توجهی، تفسیر خوشایند اطلاعات، فراموش کردن و خودناتوان‌انگاری می‌شوند. همچنین، بافت‌هایی که تاکنون اجتناب از اطلاعات در آن‌ها مطرح شده شامل حوزه سلامت، اطلاعات خطر، رسانه‌های اجتماعی و خبری، روابط عاطفی و مصرف دخانیات بودند که با استفاده از ابزارهای رایج سنجش اجتناب از اطلاعات مانند پرسشنامه، مصاحبه، مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری، و مشاهده آزمایشگاهی بررسی شده‌اند. سرانجام اینکه می‌توان از جمله خلأهای مهم پژوهشی این حوزه به نبودِ مدلی جامع برای اجتناب از اطلاعات که پاسخگوی هر جامعه و هر مسئله‌ای باشد، و نیاز به توجه بیشتر به اجتناب از اطلاعات در رشته علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی اشاره کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Information Avoidance: a Systematic Review

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahsa Torabi
  • Mahdieh Mirzabeigi
چکیده [English]

The aim of this study is to understand the concept of information avoidance in terms of origin, effective factors, behaviors, areas of the previous studies, and research gaps. This research was conducted by systematic review method using Kitchenham and Charters (2007) framework. By reviewing internal and external databases and studying the abstracts of retrieved articles with related keywords, 65 related articles were identified and after refinement, 49 related articles were reviewed without time limitation. After studying the articles related to information avoidance, and using the content analysis approach, the contents were categorized into several thematic categories and the questions were answered according to the aims of the research. The findings suggest that the origins of information avoidance could be traced back to theories such as cognitive dissonance theory of Festinger (1957), uncertainty reduction theory of Gudykunst (1985), and models such as Johnson’s (1997) and Wilson’s (1999). The most important factors influencing information avoidance could be classified into two categories of Hedonic and Strategic factors. The factors of hedonic category are preferences for resolution of compound lotteries, risk, loss, and disappointment aversion, anxiety, attention, regret aversion, optimism maintenance, dissonance avoidance, and belief investments. Strategic factors also fall into two categories: intrapersonal strategic avoidance (avoiding dynamic inconsistency, resisting temptation, motivation maintenance, avoiding projection biases, abdicating responsibility and saving it for later) and interpersonal strategic avoidance (avoiding spoiling information about themselves or receiving information about others, which causes a change in their attitudes toward them). Information avoidance behaviors are then introduced which include physical avoidance, inattention, biased interpretation of information, forgetting, and self-handicapping. Also, the contexts in which information avoidance has been discussed so far include health, risk information, social and news media, emotional relationships, and smoking, using common information avoidance assessment tools such as questionnaires, interviews, modeling, laboratory observation, and task defining are investigated. Finally, two of the important research gaps in this field are the lack of a comprehensive model for information avoidance that is responsive to any society and any problem, and the need to pay more attention to information avoidance in the field of knowledge and information science.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Information Avoidance
  • Information seeking behavior
  • Information Searching Behavior
  • Information Behavior
  • Systematic review

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 19 آذر 1401
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