مطالعه‌ی رفتار اطلاع‌جویی کاربران از طریق ثبت امواج مغزی با کمک الکتروآنسفالوگرافی: یک مرور نظام‌مند

نویسندگان

1 گروه علم اطلاعات و دانش‌شناسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

2 گروه علم اطلاعات و دانش شناسی دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

3 گروه علوم اعصاب، دانشکده علوم و فناوری‌های نوین پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

مطالعه­‌ی رفتارکاربر بر اساس رویدادهایی که در مغز انسان و در مراحل مختلف رفتار اطلاع‌­جویی رخ می‌­دهد؛ علی­رغم نوپایی روش‌­شناختی، مورد استقبال پژوهشگران حوزه‌­ی اطلاعات واقع شده است. در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده است تا با روش مرور نظام‌­مند، وضعیت پژوهش­‌های انجام گرفته در عرصه­‌ی رفتار اطلاع­‌جویی از طریق مطالعه­‌ی امواج مغزی بررسی شود و با شناسایی خلاء­های پژوهشی، پیشنهادهایی برای پژوهش‌­های پیش­رو ارائه گردد. در این راستا، از ساختار مرور نظام‌­مند کیتچنهام و چارترز (Kitchenham & Charters 2007) استفاده شده است. با اجرای جستجو در پایگاه‌­های اطلاعاتی علمی به زبان انگلیسی و فارسی، در نهایت 22 منبع انگلیسی و یک منبع فارسی در بازه­ی زمانی سال‌­های 2007 تا 2020 یافت شد. در بررسی متون، برخی از مفاهیمی که فصل مشترک پژوهش‌­ها بودند، گروه­‌بندی شده و مبنای دسته­‌بندی موضوعی قرارگرفتند. با مرور پژوهش‌­ها، مشخص شد که بررسی «وضعیت ذهنی کاربر» (10 پژوهش) و «فعالیت امواج مغزی در مراحل مختلف رفتار اطلاع­‌جویی» (12 پژوهش)، رویکردهای غالب موضوعی می­‌باشند. دو مؤلفه­ی «بار شناختی» و «سبک شناختی» به عنوان عوامل تاثیرگذار بر وضعیت کاربر شناسایی شدند. «نوع رسانه‌­ی جستجو»، «قالب نمایش اطلاعات» و «شیوه­ی خواندن متن» به عنوان سه عامل تاثیرگذار بر ایجاد بار شناختی در هنگام جستجو و پردازش اطلاعات تعیین شدند. ازآنجایی­که روش مورد بررسی در این پژوهش، امواج مغزی بود؛ با مطالعه­‌ی پژوهش‌­ها مشخص شد که به دلیل اهمیت حرکات چشم در زمان خواندن، و نقش جدایی ناپذیر آن در فرآیند جستجوی اطلاعات، داده­‌های چشمی نیز دارای اهمیت می­‌باشند. تحلیل امواج مغزی و اتساع مردمک چشم، از مهم­ترین سنجه­‌های مورد استفاده در مطالعه­‌ی وضعیت کاربر هنگام جستجو، و «امواج آلفا و تتا» به عنوان شاخص اندازه‌­گیری سطح بار شناختی در فرآیند اطلاع جویی شناخته شدند. همچنین، داده­‌های حاصل از حرکات چشم در هنگام رفتارهای جستجو، و به موازات آن میزان دشواری تکالیف که کاربر در حین جستجو احساس می­کند؛ با سبک شناختی کاربران دارای همبستگی بود و درنتیجه‌­ی آن، مشخص شد که انواع مختلفی از رفتارهای اطلاع­‌جویی قابل طبقه‌­بندی و شناسایی است. مراحلی که فعالیت مغزی کاربران در فرآیند اطلاع­‌جویی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته اند؛ به ترتیب عبارت بودند از «کاوش و فرمول­بندی پرسش»، «فرمول­بندی دوباره پرسش و انتخاب آن»، «تصمیم‌­گیری و قضاوت درباره‌­ی ربط». نتایج پژوهش­‌ها نشان از تفاوت فعالیت نواحی مختلف مغزی، تغییر سطح اتساع مردمک چشم و تغییر در بسامد «امواج آلفا و بتا» در این سه مرحله از جستجو داشت. پیشنهادهای مطرح برای پژوهش‌­های آتی با کمک مطالعه­ی امواج مغزی و دستگاه الکتروآنسفالوگرافی، عبارت بودند از: بررسی رابطه همبستگی میان سبک شناختی با ویژگی­‌های مربوط به تکلیف و دانش زمینه­‌ای در فرآیند رفتار اطلاع جویی، توسعه­ی سامانه­‌های شخصی‌­سازی بازیابی اطلاعات با همکاری بیشتر میان متخصصان حوزه اطلاعات و علوم اعصاب، پژوهش در احساسات، خشم و خستگی هنگام رفتار اطلاع­جویی با رویکرد مطالعه­ی مغزی، استفاده از روش­‌های اقتصادی و ابزارهای قابل حمل برای کاهش هزینه­های پژوهشی، ایجاد زیرساخت‌هایی با هدف افزایش تعداد جامعه­ی آماری، و طراحی تکالیف استاندارد در زمینه­‌ی پژوهش‌­های مغزی. از خلاءهای پژوهشی مطرح شده، می­‌توان به نیاز به پژوهش بیشتر برای درک مفاهیم پیچیده­ای مانند ربط از طریق تحلیل امواج مغزی در فرآیند اطلاع­‌جویی، و مطالعه‌­ی احساسات کاربر با رویکردهای تلفیقی اشاره نمود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Studying the users’ information-seeking behavior by recording brain waves activity with Electroencephalography method: A systematic Review

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elmira Khanlarkhani 1
  • Mahdieh Mirzabeigi 2
  • Hajar Sotudeh 1
  • Masoud Fazilat-Pour 1
  • Mohammad Nami 3
چکیده [English]

Despite the novelty in methodologies, User behavior study based on brain activity during information-seeking stages has become popular among information science researchers. This paper reviews scientific publications in which information-seeking behavior has been studied along with recorded brain activity to shed light on research status, challenges, and suggestions for future studies. Based on Kitchenham & Charters (2007) framework, a complete web search was performed in English and Persian scientific databases, and 22 publications in English were found as the final result, from 2007 to 2020. Review results demonstrate that exploring the user status (10 papers) and brain wave activity during information-seeking episodes (12 papers) were the most dominant subjective approaches in the field of user behavior studies. Cognitive load was found as an effective cognitive component on user status. With eye movement measurement and brain waves frequency study, 3 factors were found effective on cognitive load level generated during information searching and processing: searching media type, information representation, and text reading style. Brain wave activity and pupil dilation analysis were the most important measures in user status during search stages, and alpha and theta band waves were demonstrated as an index for cognitive load measurement during the information searching process. A correlation among eye data, search behavior, task complexity based on user experience, and cognitive style – as another effective factor on user status- led to results in different information searching behavior demonstrations. Also, 3 main stages were analyzed in the information-seeking process, based on brain wave activity: information exploring and query formulation, query reformulation and selection, relevance judgment, and decision making. Results showed a difference between brain activity areas, and differences in pupil dilation change level and alpha/beta frequency level during different search episodes. For future research, some suggestions were offered based on reviews. Finding relations between correlations among cognitive styles, task features, and domain knowledge during information searching process, personalized information retrieval improvement, more collaboration between information science and neurocognitive specialists, research in more user affective status like aggression and fatigue during the search process, using more economic methods and portable devices aiming to reduce research costs and expenses, facilitating larger sample studies and designing standard tasks were considered as a suggestion. Finally, some challenges were found based on reviewed studies. Some concepts like relevance feedback in information retrieval need more investigation. Also, it is necessary to investigate and explore user affections during the search process with multiple approaches.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Information-seeking behavior
  • Brain waves
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)
  • cognitive components
  • Systematic review
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